Organic cosmetics

Bioperine
Grandma's recipes of masks for the face, grated cucumber and yogurt was very popular in the 1980-ies. The chemical industry in the beauty industry and is rapidly gaining momentum, and such performances have forgotten. But after a couple of decades flourished cosmetics of mass-market, cheap, available, but not always quality. Moreover, in the beginning of XXI century become more and more popular idea of eco-friendly living, and gradually the eyes of customers, he turned again to the natural components, clear, pure and not harmful. "The popularity of organics came to Russia late, says beautician Irina Long. In America in the 1960-ies started talking about natural products, when a hippie was doing with his hands mask of shredded wheat and cooked in a mobile van soap. In the late 1990s, the Americans introduced the organic labeling for cosmetics, produced by industrial way." So in the world of the organic boom. Empire organics
Today in this area a lot of guile and abuse. Representatives of organic associations complain that some tools are marked as ORGANIC, although their composition may not need to be organic compounds. Legal restrictions in Russia on this point. In other countries the rules of the game clearer. European organic companies put on their products icon of the French organization ECOCERT certification for organic products, which is considered one of the most prestigious of its kind. A number of companies in the Schengen zone is proud of the badge of the Institute for ethical and environmental certification Italy (SEA). But here's the problem: not all brands calling their products organic, in no hurry to get ecosystem on the package. Many enough to have in the title the word "organic": a respect for this marketing ploy increases sales. On average, organic is by 25-40% higher than normal. And the market is booming: in 2013, the turnover of such funds totaled about $ 15 billion.

What is (BIO)
What cosmetics can be considered truly organic? First of all, in the product should be at least 90% of ingredients of plant origin. The second point to grow the raw material can only be in fields where no chemical fertilizers are used (such farmland must be certified by local ministries of agriculture). In addition, the ingredients are allowed to extract from plants only method of extraction. This also applies to active substances, preservatives, and dyes. It turns out that natural cosmetics can be made from a rather limited range of components, simply because not all can be extracted extraction. For this reason, organic creams spoil faster. If the standard shelf life of cosmetic products 26 months in closed and 12 open, then the organic matter it can be in 2 times less. On the official website of the Ministry of agriculture, U.S. (USDA), which also has the right to assign companies a treasured icon, organic, representative Joan Schaeffer explains: "People should not consider the icon on cosmetics, including labeled USDA Organic, proof of the effectiveness or health benefits". This does not mean that organic is harmful. She just has no supernatural qualities expected from some supporters. The green way
In some areas, natural cosmetics works better than usual, in some loses. So, organic skincare are very good with maintaining the protective functions of the skin and reducing transepidermal moisture loss. But for the adherents of such funds is important not only that, but the fact
what organic matter it is also a philosophy. Let organic dye wash out faster than the ammonia, and creams with natural extracts will not be able to smooth out severe wrinkles or clearing of pigment spots, there are things more important.
Cosmetic companies who play the organic game to be honest, not so much: too difficult to comply with all the conditions. But those who passed the selection, have every reason to be proud of their products. This organic market is more honest, says Italian dermatologist Marco Matheo. I respect people that buy the cream because I want to support the field workers, collecting cornflower blossoms in early June.

TOP 3 HERBAL COMPONENTS THAT ARE WORTH PAYING ATTENTION TO

Hyaluronic acid – one of the most effective organic remedies. One molecule can contain up to 600 water molecules. Hyaluronic acid moisturizes and has a regenerating, bactericidal and wound healing properties.

Rhodiola rosea – a plant of the legend of Tamerlane, gave the strength and endurance of its soldiers. Rhodiola has a profound rejuvenating effect on the skin, helps the skin to resist external impact.

Altai sea buckthorn is a unique plant that contains provitamin a, which is not destroyed even by heat treatment. Especially effective when exposed to the hair.

First bike

The most successful of the early bikes was celeriter, later renamed velociter. This ( wooden horse ) was built in 1791 Comte de Sepracor ( France ). The cyclist landed on top of her, and then led, pushing down from the ground.
However, turning to the side, he had to stop, because the control mechanism was absent.
First bike with a steerable nose wheel appeared in 1817 and was named by its inventor, the German Baron von Dresen where Sauerbrunn, trolley. It consisted of a wooden frame and two wheels with spokes and iron rims.
The next step forward was made in 1838, a Scottish blacksmith Krcmarik Macmillan who invented the Bicycle with pedals. Pressing down on the pedal, the man drove the rear wheel. The front wheel was mounted on an iron fork.
In 1861, Parisians Pierre and Ernest Michaux introduced its design of the bike. It was ( a toy horse ) with pedals on crankshafts installed on the front wheel. In the 1860's, began to use wheels with wire spokes. And rubber tires. Movement speed increased, and on bicycles began to establish first a simple brake.

Safe bike

Modern bicycles, based on the safe design, have been developed in the 1870s, the Wheels about the same size had spokes and rubber tires, while the rear wheel was driven via a chain transmission. 1895 to secure the bike already had a pneumatic ( air-filled ) tires and a diamond frame, in addition to models for women, where the upper pipe has been omitted, to make room for dresses of the cyclists.
In modern mass produced bike frames are usually made of high quality light of stainless steel pipes, rims and hubs of wheels of steel and alloys, the spokes of steel wire. Pedals and cranks are set at short axis through the bottom of the frame. On this same axis is fixed the sprocket, which with the help of steel chains connected with the leading chain wheel mounted on the rear wheel hub. This sprocket includes a freewheel mechanism that allows the cyclist to down the mountain, not rotating the pedals.

Switching speeds

Many bicycles have gears. The use of low transmission with less force allows you to pedal while lifting, the upper gear provides the high speed at moderate effort. In addition, some bikes have a gearbox built into the rear wheel hub. This type of miniature system that is used in many cars. Switching speed is achieved by using different combinations of gears inside the hub.
Another variety of systems of switching speeds that are used in bicycles, there is a dropping mechanism. On the rear wheel set of sprockets of different sizes, when you need it, the chain moves from one sprocket to another. When, for example, is selected high gear, the chain is on the smallest sprocket. As a result, one turn of the pedals leads to a relatively large number of revolutions of the rear wheel, resulting in more speed. Although many modern machines are still reminiscent of safe Bicycle of the last century, there are those which are based on Bicycle Moulton methods with small wheels, which appeared in 1962 these machines the diameter of the wheels does not exceed 35-50 cm, in contrast to conventional models where it is equal to 60-70 cm frame is F-shaped, with the top bar missing in it that makes the bike fit for men and women. Height of saddle and handlebar can be adjusted in a wide range.

The first bikes

Origin bike is a pedal Bicycle on which is installed the petrol engine. The first motorcycle was made in Germany in 1885 by Gottlieb Daimler, however, for their industrial production took time. Initially these machines were very unreliable, because during the ride on the bumpy roads of the conventional Bicycle frame to which was attached a heavy engine, quickly broke down. However, in the beginning of XX century fascination with competition in speed has led to the improvement of the design of the motorcycle. The frame began to make heavier, the saddle lower and to the front forks to mount coil springs that provide a smoother ride.
At first the engine was connected to the wheels with V-shaped straps, they were sent the pulleys. However, since about 1900, were introduced gearbox, clutch and drive chain. Gearbox helped the rider the best use of engine power. The clutch gave me an opportunity to connect and disconnect the motor if necessary. The transfer of torque to the rear wheel with the chain was more effective, since the chain took the star, and hence can't slide.
Another improvement was the starter. Until then, to start the engine, the bike had to push.
In the 1920s and 30s, Britain was ranked first for the production of well designed motorcycles. Then it successfully competed with Italy and Germany. Recently a major motorcycle manufacturer was Japan.

Modern motorcycles

Motorcycle frames are usually made from steel pipes, while bottom there are two tubes, which is fastened to the engine. For greater comfort of the rider and improve the stability of the bike both wheels equipped with shock absorbers.
Like motorcycle engines use a two -, three-and four-cylinder petrol engines working volume which varies from 50 cm to 1200 cm 3 and higher. As a rule, these four-stroke engines, that is, each cylinder delivers the power once every two revolutions of the engine. Two-stroke engines, where each cylinder delivers power at every revolution of the engine, can be seen on cheaper models General purpose. Engines can be cooled by air or water. Usually transmission connected to the wheels through a drive chain, but in some more expensive bikes might be used instead the drive shaft.
Some motorcycles are driven by a rotary-piston engines. Especially for cities released a few small models with an electric drive.

The management of the motorcycle

The front brake is engaged using the lever mounted on the right side of the steering wheel, rear - foot pedal, usually located on the right side of the motorcycle. Gear shift is a lever on the left side of the steering wheel in the small cars used for this purpose is a rotary control grip. However, in most cars the gear shift is a foot pedal, which is on the left side.
For variable motor speed control via a rotary lever on the right side of the steering wheel, which via a cable connected to the throttle valve of the carburetor where the fuel is mixed with air. The position of the valve determines the speed at which the fuel-air mixture enters the engine, which, in turn, determines the speed of the engine.
On handlebars set the switches of the electric lights. Most motorcycles have two of the riser with the support of Parking and a Central strut on which the wheels are raised above the ground to perform maintenance.

Sport bikes

The popularity of motorcycle racing on rough terrain led to the emergence of sport motorcycles off-road. They differ increased ground clearance, a lower transmission ratio and a deep studded tires.
To reduce the aerodynamic drag racing motorcycles provide a streamlined shape. Cigar-shaped motorcycles with two engines and full protection of the driver speeds over 400 km/h.

Steam machines

Steam traction still provides a significant portion of the required energy. Even the best of modern nuclear reactor is just a heat source that turns water into steam to turn turbines connected to electric generators.
The first steam engine was built by the inventor of ancient Greek Heroes of Alexandria. Hollow bullet was attached to the two pipes in such a way that she could move. Through pipes is supplied steam from a small boiler. She filled a bowl and went through two tubes on both sides of the ball. Jets of steam forced the ball to rotate. Although the equipment was of particular interest, in those days it was unnecessary.
The first steam machine, which found practical application, was established in 1698 by English engineer Thomas Severin. Steam was cooled in the chamber before the formation of the condensate. Due to sharp reduction of volume occurred, the partial vacuum used for pumping water from coal mines.

The Engine Of Watt

This problem was solved by the Scottish engineer James watt. Established in 17б9р. the steam engine went to the separate chamber for condensation. Because the cylinder was alternately heated and cooled, heat losses were relatively minor. In addition, the engine of watt was faster, as it allowed feeding a greater quantity of steam to the cylinder, only the piston is returned to its original position. Through this and other improvements, invented by the engineer Watt, the steam engine found practical application in many areas.
With the onset of the Victorian era powerful engines have revolutionized the means of transportation overland. Steam engines also provided power for printing Newspapers, weaving and washing machines ( steam ) laundries. Steam engines were used at the sites of attractions, and farmers using steam traction plow. Cleaners used vacuum cleaners, which worked for a couple, and in prestigious city hair salons were even a brush for scalp massage with a steam drive.